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by Corey Cohen in 2012
Take control of the Lunar Module and try to land on the moon.
An ASCII Graphics version of Lunar Lander, written in BASIC. This version was originally made by Creative Computing and adapted by Corey Cohen for the Apple-1. He announced it on Applefritter in 2012.
Publications at the time were packed with Lunar Lander like BASIC games. For example, in 101 BASIC Computer Games three are listed under the name Rocket. In the same period, another BASIC collection book listed another two comparible games.
The first known use of the name Lunar Lander for a video game of this type was in the 1975 book What to Do After You Hit Return, a collection of BASIC computer games by the People's Computer Company similar to Ahl's book, which included versions named Crash and Lunar Lander.
As explained on Wikipedia.
This version of the game is actually easier to play, as there are visuals in the form of ASCII graphics. The actual position of the Lunar Module is shown in relation with the moon surface.
The game gives the following instructions:
INSTRUCTIONS (Y OR N)?Y
YOU ARE LANDING ON THE MOON!!!
YOU ARE 1000 FEET ABOVE YOUR LANDING SPOT.
YOU HAVE DOWNWARD VELOCITY OF 50 FT/SEC.
YOU HAVE 150 UNITS OF FUEL REMAIN.
(1) AFTER EACH SECOND, HEIGHT, VELOCITY, AND FUEL WILL BE REPORTED.
(2) AT THE '?', ENTER THE NUMBER OF UNITS OF FUEL YOU WISH YO BURN DURING THE NEXT SECOND.
(3) EACH UNIT OF FUEL WILL SLOW YOUR DESCENT BY 1 FOOT/SEC.
(4) THE MAXIMUM THRUST IS 30 FEET/SEC OR 30 UNITS OF FUEL PER SECOND.
(5) THE DECENT ENGINE WILL SHUTDOWN AUTOMATICALLY ON LUNAR CONTACT.
Burn the fuel effectively to control the downward velocity of the lander. Enter a value between 0 and 30, representing the units of fuel per second to burn in this round. Landing to hard will crash the lander.
The game has sound output through the TO TAPE jack of the ACI. It has sound effects when the lander burns fuel and when it runs out of fuel. The following was mentioned about this by another Applefritter user named Sherlock:
I also noticed a few other things. I tried plugging in a simple set of earbud headphones into the audio-out of the ACI, and it worked great, so if anyone is looking for a really easy way of testing this out, this is a way.
Because of the sound effects, this version of the game does not work properly in emulators. This can be fixed by changing the last three lines of BASIC code, follow these steps after the program is started:
- Do a RESET
- Return to BASIC again with
E2B3RRETURN- Change the lines:
900 RETURNRETURN,910 RETURNRETURN and999 RETURNRETURN- Start the program again with
RUNRETURN.
Use your keyboard to interact with this Apple-1 program.
Emulated with HoneyCrisp v1.2.7,
check here for more details.
This website has full functionality (i.e. direct serial transfer and emulation of an Apple-1) when displayed on a larger screen.
In 1976, the Apple-1 Computer was advertised for $666.66 and came with 4K of on-board memory. For a $120 extra, this doubled to 8K of RAM. The provided Operation Manual included the circuit diagram and assembly source code of Wozmon, the operating system.
The Apple Cassette Interface (or ACI) was used to load and save programs from cassette tape. The ACI Manual showed how to install it (the main board had to be jumpered correctly) and explained how it had to be used. Priced at $75, it included a cassette of Apple BASIC.
Woz wrote a BASIC interpreter by himself. It was tiny enough to fit in 4K of memory, but did not support floating point arithmetic. The software itself was free. The Preliminary Apple BASIC Users Manual explained how to write your own games and programs with it.
Cassette tapes could be bought as an original accessory to your new Apple-1. A total of nine programs were available and listed $5 each. Pick one below and go back in time.
At the time, people were also inspired by publications like 101 BASIC Computer Games. They spent their evenings and nights to key-in the games, but soon were disappointed to discover that some of these did not work at all because of the missing floating points... Arghh.
Dive deeper? Read more here and here.
The Apple-1 has a 16-bit address bus and 64kB of addressable space. Within this space the 6502-processor can use the different parts of the computer:
Woz designed a jumper area on the Apple-1 mainboard where the hobbyist-user could configure how memory should be organized. This was very flexible and made extension of the Apple-1 possible.
The full 64kB is split into 16 equal banks of 4kB each by this jumper area. The banks range from 0 to F, hexadecimal. A bank can be tied to one part of the computer: e.g. the ROM, upper RAM chips or a board in the expansion slot.
The default configuration is shown above. For example bank E (address space $E000-$EFFF) was usually tied to the eight lower RAM chips on the Apple-1 mainboard, indicated by W and the black wire in the figure. Usually BASIC was loaded here.
No windows yet. It was called a monitor program back then, the predecessor of an operating system. It allowed reading and modifying the computer's memory and starting programs. Woz his monitor was stored in only 256 bytes of ROM.
To load it, the user had to press RESET after powering on the computer. A back slash \ appeared on the screen with a flashing @ below, the cursor. Indicating the Apple-1 was ready for commands.
Try Wozmon yourself by pressing the
Run button and after that
Reset in the above emulator (any program). Then type 280 RETURN to read a memory location. Values are hexadecimal, so range from 0 to F. Change memory with 280: AB RETURN. Read it again and wow you changed memory!
Follow this excellent course to learn more. The original manual explains Wozmon as well (in Section II) and lists the assembly source code.
Use the 8BitFlux.com Keyboard Serial Terminal to connect to an Apple-1 with this website. It uses the Web Serial API locally and is supported by Chrome and Edge browsers. The Wozmon code of any program can be transferred right away.
Use the Serial button to transfer the current program to an Apple-1. For example, BASIC takes around 20 seconds to transfer, at a speed of 57.6 kbps. The board is compatible with the high-speed TurboType™ format. It also performs a CRC check and has an error LED indicator.
Done transferring the game or program? Switch the input to the attached Apple-1 keyboard by pressing a button and enjoy it. This makes a great kit for hobbyists, museums or public events. More info »
It is easy to run the software with one of these emulators as well:
This website uses the HoneyCrisp emulator. More information can be found here. It has its own software library with even more programs to explore.
View a comparison of emulators here.
An initiative of 8BitFlux.com. This website can be put to full use with a Keyboard Serial Terminal adapter board, which enables you run software on a (real) Apple-1 right away.
The textual descriptions and screenshots of the programs listed on this website are licensed under CC BY 4.0
A lot of recognition goes out to Landon J. Smith for being so kind to share his HoneyCrisp Emulator (also available on GitHub) for use on this website. Many Thanks to Uncle Bernie for his support and provision of his TurboType™ algorithm, which is part of his Apple-1 Toolchain. Last but not least, all this was not possible by all the authors of Apple-1 software and other emulators. The hobby computer enthusiasts of the past, but also people of the present, who keep this hobby so alive. Thank you all.
This website is not associated with Apple Inc. in any way.
It tries to be a tribute to (their) history. It wants to list only software that is already considered to be in the public domain, or its license permits further publication. The (online) sources of the program and other references are listed when known.
No AI is used to describe the software packages here. Human mistakes happen, so please report any nonconformities.
Made behind an 🍎 in The Netherlands.